edward o. wilson, Letters to a young scientist, 2013 [ ]
pp.40-41
Newton, for example, invented calculus* in order to give substance to his imagination. Darwin by his own admission had little or no mathematical ability, but was able with masses of information he had accumulated to conceive a process to which mathematics was later applied. An important step for you to take is to find a subject congenial to your level of mathematical competence that also interests you deeply, and focus on it. In so doing, keep in mind Principle Number Two:
For every scientist, whether researcher,
technologist, or teacher, of whatever competence
in mathematics, there exists a discipline in science
for which that level of mathematical competence
is enough to achieve excellence.
[ calculus* : the calculus notation that we studied in school is not same calculus notation that Newton invented. The particular calculus notation that is in most textbook is invented by a guy (he got the credit), and I don't recall his name or any calculus for that matter. ]
p.61
Today the evidence for evolution has been so convincingly documented in so many kinds of plants, fungi, animals, and microorganisms, and in such a great array of their hereditary traits, coming from every discipline of biology, all interlocking in their explainations and with no exception yet discovered, that evolution can be called confidently a fact.
p.61
What remains a theory still is that evolution occurs universally by natural selection, the differential survival and successful reproduction of some combination of hereditary traits over others in breeding populations.
p.62
The second law of biology, more tentative than the first, is that all evolution, beyond minor random perturbations due to high mutation rates and random fluctuations in the number of competing genes, is due to natural selection.
(Letters to a young scientist, by edward o. wilson, copyright © 2013)
____________________________________
Smith, Cameron McPherson, 1967-
The top ten myths about evolution / by Cameron McPherson Smith and Charles Sullivan
1. Evolution (biology)
p.30
“”
WHAT EVOLUTION IS
Darwin described evolution as “descent with modification.” This simply means changes in the properties of organisms over generations. These changes are explained by at least three independent processes that when taken together form what we mean by evolution.15 These are replication, variation, and selection, and they are all observable facts. Replication is simply reproduction. Variation is genetic differences between parents and their offspring. And selection refers to natural selection, the process whereby those best adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation.
REPLICATION
VARIATION
SELECTION
pp.30-31
REPLICATION
Replication, or reproduction, can be either asexual or sexual. Asexual reproduction happens when offspring are created from a single parent without mixing in the genes from a second parent. These offspring are usually identical to that one parent, kind of like Xerox copies. They're natural clones. This form of reproduction is more common in plants than in animals, and it's also how bacteria reproduce. In contrast, sexual reproduction involves combining genes from two parents (male and female) to produce offspring. This is how most animals reproduce, as do many plants--through pollination.
p.32
SELECTION
Natural selection is the great testing ground of variation. It's the mechanism that chooses which individuals will survive long enough to reproduce and transmit their genes to the next generation. Of course, natural selection doesn't choose intentionally. If a certain variation provides an advantage, then the individual with that variation stands a better chance of surviving. If it survives long enough to reproduce, it will transmit that beneficial variation to its offspring.
p.34
But sexual selection can also have its drawbacks since it still must pass the test of natural selection. Large and colorful tail feathers are great for attracting peahens, but they're also great for attracting predators since they're so visible from far away. Also, the tail feathers may require too much energy to fly with or to drag around, even when folded up. If a characteristic, such as large tail feathers, puts peacocks at great risk, then they might not live long enough to mate. In that case the peahens will have to settle for peacocks with smaller displays, which will then pass on their genes for smaller tail feathers.
pp.48-49
COMPLEXITY
Just as the words higher and lower can be misleading, so can the notion of complexity. Living things today are, on average, more complex than their ancestors of billions of years past. Some of the earliest lifeforms were simple bacteria, and if they were to undergo any changes or adaptations, there'd be no place to go but in the direction of complexity, since you can't get much simpler than bacteria.8 It's obvious that natural selection has helped shape the complex evolutionary changes through the generations, from single-celled organism to simple plants and animals, leading to fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and eventually mammals. So doesn't this show that progressive complexity is a necessary part of the evolutionary process for all living things? The answer is no.
Bacteria are simple organisms, and many have not changed much for billions of years. Indeed, they may be the most successful group of organisms on the planet, having an estimated total biomass (weight) greater than all other living things combined.9 Crocodiles haven't changed much either from their days living among the dinosaurs over 200 million [200,000,000] years ago. The rather prehistoric looking Coelacanth fish, which first appeared around three hundred and 50 million years ago, was thought to have gone extinct 65 million years ago. But one was caught alive in 1938 off the south east of Africa, and since then over 200 have been discovered. These “living fossils” don't appear to have changed much when compared with the fossilized remains of their ancient ancestors.
It would be a mistake, then, to assume as a general rule that complexity is a universal trend in evolution, or that it always confers an advantage for survival. What matters is how well organisms are adapted to their environment, and how well they can adapt to frequent changes in that environment. If evolutionary changes toward complexity provide an advantage for those who acquire them, then those changes will be selected for. If not, they won't. Interestingly, some species lines have become less complex over time, such as cave dwelling fish that no longer have functioning eyes, and some internal parasites that have lost all means of self-locomotion.10 Moreover, the skulls of birds and mammals have become simpler than those of their early fish ancestors.11
p.56
9. E. Mayr, What Evolution Is (New York: Basic Books, 2001), p.278. See also Gould, Full House, p. 194.
11. Mayr, What Evolution Is, p. 214.
(Smith, Cameron McPherson, 1967-, The top ten myths about evolution / by Cameron McPherson Smith and Charles Sullivan, 1. Evolution (biology), published 2007, )
____________________________________
Robert Greene, Mastery, 2012
pp.10─11
As a classic example, compare the lives of Sir Francis Galton and his older cousin, Charles Darwin. By all accounts, Galton was a super-genius with an exceptionally high IQ, quite a bit higher than Darwin's (these are estimates done by experts years after the invention of the measurement).
Galton was a boy wonder who went on to have an illustrious scientific career, but he never mastered any of the fields he went into. He was notoriously restless, as it often the case with child prodigies.
Darwin, by contrast, is rightly celebrated as the superior scientist, one of the few who has forever changed our view of life. As Darwin himself admitted, he was “a very ordinary boy, rather below the common standard in intellect .... I have no great quickness of apprehension .... My power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought is very limited”. Darwin, however, must have possessed something that Galton lacked.
p.11
In many ways, a look at the early life of Darwin himself can supply an answer to his mystery. As a child Darwin had one overriding passion ─ collecting biological specimens.
p.11
Suddenly, his passion for collecting found its perfect outlet. In South America he could collect the most astounding array of specimens, as well as fossils and bones. He could connect his interest in the variety of life on the planet with something larger ─ major questions about the origins of species. He poured all of his energy into this enterprise, accumulating so many specimens that a theory began to take shape in his mind. After five years at sea, he returned to England and devoted the rest of his life to the single task of elaborating his theory of evolution. In the process he had to deal with a tremendous amount of drudgery ─ for instance, eight years exclusively studying barnacles to establish his credential as a biologist. He had to develop highly refined political and social skills to handle all the prejudice against such a theory in Victorian England. And what sustained him throughout this lengthy process was his intense love of and connection to the subject.
p.11
The basic elements of this story are repeated in the lives of all of the great Masters in history: a youthful passion or predilection, a chance encounter that allows them to discover how to apply it, an apprenticeship in which they come alive with energy and focus. They excel by their ability to practice harder and move faster through the process, all of this stemming from the intensity of their desire to learn and from the deep connection they feel to their field of study. And at the core of this intensity of effort is in fact a quality that is genetic and inborn ─ not talent or brilliance, which is something that must be developed, but rather a deep and powerful inclination toward a particular subject.
p.12
This uniqueness is revealed to us through the preferences we innately feel for particular activities or subjects of study. Such inclinations can be toward music or mathematics, certain sports or games, solving puzzle-like problems, tinkering and building, or playing with words.
With those who stand out by their later mastery, they experience this inclination more deeply and clearly than others. They experience it as an inner calling. It tends to dominate their thoughts and dreams. They find their way, by accident or sheer effort, to a career path in which this inclination can flourish. This intense connection and desire allows them to withstand the pain of the process ─ the self-doubts, the tedious hours of practice and study, the inevitable setbacks, the endless barbs from the envious. They develop a resiliency and confidence that others lack.
p.12
In our culture we tend to equate thinking and intellectual powers with success and achievement.
p.12
Our levels of desire, patience, persistence, and confidence end up playing a much larger role in success than sheer reasoning powers. Feeling motivated and energized, we can overcome almost anything. Feeling bored and restless, our minds shut off and we become increasingly passive.
(Mastery / Robert Greene., 1. successful people., 2. success., 3. self-actualization (psychology), includes bibliographical references, BF637.S8G695 2012, 158─dc23, 2012027195, )
____________________________________
Edward O. Wilson; Genesis : the deep origin of societies, written by Edward O. Wilson; illustrated by Debby Cotter Kaspari., [2019]
p.9
All questions of philosophy that address the human condition come down to three:
what are we,
what created us, and
what do we wish ultimately to become.
The all-important answer to the third question, the destiny we seek, requires an accurate answer to the first two. By and large, philosophers have lacked confirmable answers to the first two questions, which concern the deep prehuman and human past, thereby remaining unable to answer the third question, which addresses the human future.
As I now approach the end of a long career studying the biology of social behavior in animals and humans, I've come better to understand why these existential questions defy introspection by even the wisest of thinkers, and, more importantly, why they have been so easily enslaved by religious and political dogma.
p.10
For most of history, organized religions have claimed sovereignty over the meaning of human existence. For their founders and leaders the enigma has been relatively easy to solve. The gods put us on Earth, and they told us how to behave.
Why should people around the world continue to believe one fantasy over another out of the more than four thousand that exist on Earth? The answer is tribalism, and, as I will show, tribalism is one consequence of the way humanity originated. Each of the organized or otherwise public religions as well as scores of religion-like ideologies defines a tribe, a tightly knit group of people joined by a particular story. The history and moral lessons it contains, often colorful, even bizarre in content, are accepted as basically unalterable and, more importantly, superior to all competing stories. The members of the tribe are inspired by the special status the story gives them, not just on this planet but on all other of the multitude of planets in each of the trillion galaxies estimated to compose the known universe.
And best of all, cosmic faith is the bargain price asked for guaranteed personal immortality.
pp.10─11
In The Descent of Man (1871), Charles Darwin brought the whole subject into the purview of science by suggesting that humanity descended from African apes. Shocking as that was at the time, and still unacceptable to many, the hypothesis has none-the-less proved correct. An understanding of how the great transition from ape to human occurred has been steadily improved since, chiefly by a consortium of researchers in five modern disciplines: paleontology, anthropolgy, psychology, evolutionary biology, and neuroscience. As a result of the combined labors of scholars in these disciplines we have today an increasingly clear picture of the real creation story. We know a good deal about how humanity was born, and when, and how.
p.11
This factual story of the creation has turned out to be vastly different from that first believed not just by theologians but also by most scientists and philosophers. It fits the evolutionary histories of other, nonhuman lines, of which seventeen (17) have so far been found to possess advanced societies based on altruism and cooperation. These are the subjects of the sections immediately to follow.
(Wilson, Edward O., author.
Kaspari, Debby Cotter, illustrator.
Genesis : the deep origin of societies / Edward O. Wilson; illustrated by Debby Cotter Kaspari.
other titles: Deep origin of societies
[2019]
subjects: animal behavior. | behavior evolution. | behavior genetics.
LCC QL751 .W55 2019
DDC 591.5──dc23
https://lccn.loc.gov/2018050101
)
____________________________________
·‘’•─“”
<------------------------------------------------------------------------>
____________________________________
*2 “This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.”
──From a Declaration of Principles jointly adopted by a Committee of the American Bar Association and a Committee of Publishers and Associations
(Ackoff's best : his classic writings on management, Russell L. Ackoff., © 1999, hardcover, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p.139)
“This [copy & paste reference note] is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is [archive] with the understanding that the [researcher, investigator] is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.”
──From a Declaration of Principles jointly adopted by a Committee of the American Bar Association and a Committee of Publishers and Associations
--
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in, or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of the publisher.
The W. Edwards Deming Institute. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States copyright act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credits nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means ── electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other ── without written permission from the publisher.
The information in this book is true and complete to the best of our knowlege. All recommendations are made without guarantee on the part of the author or Storey publishing. The author and publisher disclaim any liability in connection with the use of this information.
NOTICE: In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C., section 107, some material is provided without permission from the copyright owner, only for purposes of criticism, comment, scholarship and research under the "fair use" provisions of federal copyright laws. These materials may not be distributed further, except for "fair use," without permission of the copyright owner. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml
notice: Do not purchase this book with the hopes of curing cancer or any other chronic disease
We offer it for informative purposes to help cope with health situations and do not claim this book furnishes information as to an effective treatment or cure of the disease discussed ─ according to currently accepted medical opinion.
Although it is your right to adopt your own dietary and treating pattern, never the less suggestions offered in this book should not be applied to a specific individual except by his or her doctor who would be familiar with individual requirements and any possible complication. Never attempt a lengthy fast without competent professional supervision.
pp.40-41
Newton, for example, invented calculus* in order to give substance to his imagination. Darwin by his own admission had little or no mathematical ability, but was able with masses of information he had accumulated to conceive a process to which mathematics was later applied. An important step for you to take is to find a subject congenial to your level of mathematical competence that also interests you deeply, and focus on it. In so doing, keep in mind Principle Number Two:
For every scientist, whether researcher,
technologist, or teacher, of whatever competence
in mathematics, there exists a discipline in science
for which that level of mathematical competence
is enough to achieve excellence.
[ calculus* : the calculus notation that we studied in school is not same calculus notation that Newton invented. The particular calculus notation that is in most textbook is invented by a guy (he got the credit), and I don't recall his name or any calculus for that matter. ]
p.61
Today the evidence for evolution has been so convincingly documented in so many kinds of plants, fungi, animals, and microorganisms, and in such a great array of their hereditary traits, coming from every discipline of biology, all interlocking in their explainations and with no exception yet discovered, that evolution can be called confidently a fact.
p.61
What remains a theory still is that evolution occurs universally by natural selection, the differential survival and successful reproduction of some combination of hereditary traits over others in breeding populations.
p.62
The second law of biology, more tentative than the first, is that all evolution, beyond minor random perturbations due to high mutation rates and random fluctuations in the number of competing genes, is due to natural selection.
(Letters to a young scientist, by edward o. wilson, copyright © 2013)
____________________________________
Smith, Cameron McPherson, 1967-
The top ten myths about evolution / by Cameron McPherson Smith and Charles Sullivan
1. Evolution (biology)
p.30
“”
WHAT EVOLUTION IS
Darwin described evolution as “descent with modification.” This simply means changes in the properties of organisms over generations. These changes are explained by at least three independent processes that when taken together form what we mean by evolution.15 These are replication, variation, and selection, and they are all observable facts. Replication is simply reproduction. Variation is genetic differences between parents and their offspring. And selection refers to natural selection, the process whereby those best adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation.
REPLICATION
VARIATION
SELECTION
pp.30-31
REPLICATION
Replication, or reproduction, can be either asexual or sexual. Asexual reproduction happens when offspring are created from a single parent without mixing in the genes from a second parent. These offspring are usually identical to that one parent, kind of like Xerox copies. They're natural clones. This form of reproduction is more common in plants than in animals, and it's also how bacteria reproduce. In contrast, sexual reproduction involves combining genes from two parents (male and female) to produce offspring. This is how most animals reproduce, as do many plants--through pollination.
p.32
SELECTION
Natural selection is the great testing ground of variation. It's the mechanism that chooses which individuals will survive long enough to reproduce and transmit their genes to the next generation. Of course, natural selection doesn't choose intentionally. If a certain variation provides an advantage, then the individual with that variation stands a better chance of surviving. If it survives long enough to reproduce, it will transmit that beneficial variation to its offspring.
p.34
But sexual selection can also have its drawbacks since it still must pass the test of natural selection. Large and colorful tail feathers are great for attracting peahens, but they're also great for attracting predators since they're so visible from far away. Also, the tail feathers may require too much energy to fly with or to drag around, even when folded up. If a characteristic, such as large tail feathers, puts peacocks at great risk, then they might not live long enough to mate. In that case the peahens will have to settle for peacocks with smaller displays, which will then pass on their genes for smaller tail feathers.
pp.48-49
COMPLEXITY
Just as the words higher and lower can be misleading, so can the notion of complexity. Living things today are, on average, more complex than their ancestors of billions of years past. Some of the earliest lifeforms were simple bacteria, and if they were to undergo any changes or adaptations, there'd be no place to go but in the direction of complexity, since you can't get much simpler than bacteria.8 It's obvious that natural selection has helped shape the complex evolutionary changes through the generations, from single-celled organism to simple plants and animals, leading to fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and eventually mammals. So doesn't this show that progressive complexity is a necessary part of the evolutionary process for all living things? The answer is no.
Bacteria are simple organisms, and many have not changed much for billions of years. Indeed, they may be the most successful group of organisms on the planet, having an estimated total biomass (weight) greater than all other living things combined.9 Crocodiles haven't changed much either from their days living among the dinosaurs over 200 million [200,000,000] years ago. The rather prehistoric looking Coelacanth fish, which first appeared around three hundred and 50 million years ago, was thought to have gone extinct 65 million years ago. But one was caught alive in 1938 off the south east of Africa, and since then over 200 have been discovered. These “living fossils” don't appear to have changed much when compared with the fossilized remains of their ancient ancestors.
It would be a mistake, then, to assume as a general rule that complexity is a universal trend in evolution, or that it always confers an advantage for survival. What matters is how well organisms are adapted to their environment, and how well they can adapt to frequent changes in that environment. If evolutionary changes toward complexity provide an advantage for those who acquire them, then those changes will be selected for. If not, they won't. Interestingly, some species lines have become less complex over time, such as cave dwelling fish that no longer have functioning eyes, and some internal parasites that have lost all means of self-locomotion.10 Moreover, the skulls of birds and mammals have become simpler than those of their early fish ancestors.11
p.56
9. E. Mayr, What Evolution Is (New York: Basic Books, 2001), p.278. See also Gould, Full House, p. 194.
11. Mayr, What Evolution Is, p. 214.
(Smith, Cameron McPherson, 1967-, The top ten myths about evolution / by Cameron McPherson Smith and Charles Sullivan, 1. Evolution (biology), published 2007, )
____________________________________
Robert Greene, Mastery, 2012
pp.10─11
As a classic example, compare the lives of Sir Francis Galton and his older cousin, Charles Darwin. By all accounts, Galton was a super-genius with an exceptionally high IQ, quite a bit higher than Darwin's (these are estimates done by experts years after the invention of the measurement).
Galton was a boy wonder who went on to have an illustrious scientific career, but he never mastered any of the fields he went into. He was notoriously restless, as it often the case with child prodigies.
Darwin, by contrast, is rightly celebrated as the superior scientist, one of the few who has forever changed our view of life. As Darwin himself admitted, he was “a very ordinary boy, rather below the common standard in intellect .... I have no great quickness of apprehension .... My power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought is very limited”. Darwin, however, must have possessed something that Galton lacked.
p.11
In many ways, a look at the early life of Darwin himself can supply an answer to his mystery. As a child Darwin had one overriding passion ─ collecting biological specimens.
p.11
Suddenly, his passion for collecting found its perfect outlet. In South America he could collect the most astounding array of specimens, as well as fossils and bones. He could connect his interest in the variety of life on the planet with something larger ─ major questions about the origins of species. He poured all of his energy into this enterprise, accumulating so many specimens that a theory began to take shape in his mind. After five years at sea, he returned to England and devoted the rest of his life to the single task of elaborating his theory of evolution. In the process he had to deal with a tremendous amount of drudgery ─ for instance, eight years exclusively studying barnacles to establish his credential as a biologist. He had to develop highly refined political and social skills to handle all the prejudice against such a theory in Victorian England. And what sustained him throughout this lengthy process was his intense love of and connection to the subject.
p.11
The basic elements of this story are repeated in the lives of all of the great Masters in history: a youthful passion or predilection, a chance encounter that allows them to discover how to apply it, an apprenticeship in which they come alive with energy and focus. They excel by their ability to practice harder and move faster through the process, all of this stemming from the intensity of their desire to learn and from the deep connection they feel to their field of study. And at the core of this intensity of effort is in fact a quality that is genetic and inborn ─ not talent or brilliance, which is something that must be developed, but rather a deep and powerful inclination toward a particular subject.
p.12
This uniqueness is revealed to us through the preferences we innately feel for particular activities or subjects of study. Such inclinations can be toward music or mathematics, certain sports or games, solving puzzle-like problems, tinkering and building, or playing with words.
With those who stand out by their later mastery, they experience this inclination more deeply and clearly than others. They experience it as an inner calling. It tends to dominate their thoughts and dreams. They find their way, by accident or sheer effort, to a career path in which this inclination can flourish. This intense connection and desire allows them to withstand the pain of the process ─ the self-doubts, the tedious hours of practice and study, the inevitable setbacks, the endless barbs from the envious. They develop a resiliency and confidence that others lack.
p.12
In our culture we tend to equate thinking and intellectual powers with success and achievement.
p.12
Our levels of desire, patience, persistence, and confidence end up playing a much larger role in success than sheer reasoning powers. Feeling motivated and energized, we can overcome almost anything. Feeling bored and restless, our minds shut off and we become increasingly passive.
(Mastery / Robert Greene., 1. successful people., 2. success., 3. self-actualization (psychology), includes bibliographical references, BF637.S8G695 2012, 158─dc23, 2012027195, )
____________________________________
Edward O. Wilson; Genesis : the deep origin of societies, written by Edward O. Wilson; illustrated by Debby Cotter Kaspari., [2019]
p.9
All questions of philosophy that address the human condition come down to three:
what are we,
what created us, and
what do we wish ultimately to become.
The all-important answer to the third question, the destiny we seek, requires an accurate answer to the first two. By and large, philosophers have lacked confirmable answers to the first two questions, which concern the deep prehuman and human past, thereby remaining unable to answer the third question, which addresses the human future.
As I now approach the end of a long career studying the biology of social behavior in animals and humans, I've come better to understand why these existential questions defy introspection by even the wisest of thinkers, and, more importantly, why they have been so easily enslaved by religious and political dogma.
p.10
For most of history, organized religions have claimed sovereignty over the meaning of human existence. For their founders and leaders the enigma has been relatively easy to solve. The gods put us on Earth, and they told us how to behave.
Why should people around the world continue to believe one fantasy over another out of the more than four thousand that exist on Earth? The answer is tribalism, and, as I will show, tribalism is one consequence of the way humanity originated. Each of the organized or otherwise public religions as well as scores of religion-like ideologies defines a tribe, a tightly knit group of people joined by a particular story. The history and moral lessons it contains, often colorful, even bizarre in content, are accepted as basically unalterable and, more importantly, superior to all competing stories. The members of the tribe are inspired by the special status the story gives them, not just on this planet but on all other of the multitude of planets in each of the trillion galaxies estimated to compose the known universe.
And best of all, cosmic faith is the bargain price asked for guaranteed personal immortality.
pp.10─11
In The Descent of Man (1871), Charles Darwin brought the whole subject into the purview of science by suggesting that humanity descended from African apes. Shocking as that was at the time, and still unacceptable to many, the hypothesis has none-the-less proved correct. An understanding of how the great transition from ape to human occurred has been steadily improved since, chiefly by a consortium of researchers in five modern disciplines: paleontology, anthropolgy, psychology, evolutionary biology, and neuroscience. As a result of the combined labors of scholars in these disciplines we have today an increasingly clear picture of the real creation story. We know a good deal about how humanity was born, and when, and how.
p.11
This factual story of the creation has turned out to be vastly different from that first believed not just by theologians but also by most scientists and philosophers. It fits the evolutionary histories of other, nonhuman lines, of which seventeen (17) have so far been found to possess advanced societies based on altruism and cooperation. These are the subjects of the sections immediately to follow.
(Wilson, Edward O., author.
Kaspari, Debby Cotter, illustrator.
Genesis : the deep origin of societies / Edward O. Wilson; illustrated by Debby Cotter Kaspari.
other titles: Deep origin of societies
[2019]
subjects: animal behavior. | behavior evolution. | behavior genetics.
LCC QL751 .W55 2019
DDC 591.5──dc23
https://lccn.loc.gov/2018050101
)
____________________________________
·‘’•─“”
<------------------------------------------------------------------------>
____________________________________
*2 “This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.”
──From a Declaration of Principles jointly adopted by a Committee of the American Bar Association and a Committee of Publishers and Associations
(Ackoff's best : his classic writings on management, Russell L. Ackoff., © 1999, hardcover, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p.139)
“This [copy & paste reference note] is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is [archive] with the understanding that the [researcher, investigator] is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.”
──From a Declaration of Principles jointly adopted by a Committee of the American Bar Association and a Committee of Publishers and Associations
--
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in, or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of the publisher.
The W. Edwards Deming Institute. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States copyright act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credits nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means ── electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other ── without written permission from the publisher.
The information in this book is true and complete to the best of our knowlege. All recommendations are made without guarantee on the part of the author or Storey publishing. The author and publisher disclaim any liability in connection with the use of this information.
NOTICE: In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C., section 107, some material is provided without permission from the copyright owner, only for purposes of criticism, comment, scholarship and research under the "fair use" provisions of federal copyright laws. These materials may not be distributed further, except for "fair use," without permission of the copyright owner. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml
notice: Do not purchase this book with the hopes of curing cancer or any other chronic disease
We offer it for informative purposes to help cope with health situations and do not claim this book furnishes information as to an effective treatment or cure of the disease discussed ─ according to currently accepted medical opinion.
Although it is your right to adopt your own dietary and treating pattern, never the less suggestions offered in this book should not be applied to a specific individual except by his or her doctor who would be familiar with individual requirements and any possible complication. Never attempt a lengthy fast without competent professional supervision.
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